SGS recently announced the acquisition of Herguth Laboratories Inc. of Vallejo, Calif.

An independent laboratory with expertise in lubricants, petroleum-based substance testing and tribological research, Herguth Laboratories was founded in 1980 and primarily serves the energy and transportation industries.

The privately owned laboratory operates two facilities in Vallejo, Calif., and Naperville, Ill. The company has 46 employees with projected generated revenues of $5.5 million in 2012.

"This acquisition offers unlimited opportunities for the talented and dedicated staff at Herguth," said Bill Herguth, CEO of Herguth Laboratories Inc. "In addition, the user base in industry will benefit from increased access to high-quality, sophisticated testing service in every area of North America. I plan to stay very involved on a day-to-day basis with the SGS Group and Herguth Labs for the benefit of our clients and staff."

The alliance between Herguth Labs and SGS will make it the leading oil condition-monitoring company in North America, offering both routine, highly automated analysis and equipment condition diagnostics as well as non-routine consulting services such as lubrication programs audits, root cause and failure analysis.

Based in Geneva, Switzerland, SGS is a leading inspection, verification, testing and certification company with more than 70,000 employees and a network of more than 1,350 offices and laboratories around the world.

"This acquisition complements our lubricant testing network, making SGS a truly global oil condition monitoring provider," said Chris Kirk, chief executive officer of SGS.

For more information, visit www.sgs.com.

Fluitec recently introduced a new lubrication failure-mode diagnostic tool designed to provide a window into the health of lubricants. The RULER View is a technological advancement of Fluitec's flagship condition-monitoring product, the RULER, a patented technology to determine the remaining useful life of lubricants.

With features such as a microphone for real-time dictation of data relevant to the sample and an integrated camera to capture an image of the Membrane Patch Colorimetry (MPC) patch when testing for varnish potential, the RULER View is built for harsh industrial environments yet weighs only 3 pounds. It also includes Wi-Fi connectivity for software upgrades and product support as well as a built-in report template and integrated software.

"Oil analysis has proven to be a very effective predictive technology in the reliability toolbox," said Fluitec's Jo Ameye. "One of the keys to this success is performing the right test at the right time. This allows one to extract as much actionable information from the sample as possible."

The RULER technology has received strong industry support over the last 15 years with four ASTM standards (D7590, D6971, D6810 and D7527) written around it as well as industry guidelines (ASTM D4378, D6244 and DIN - VGB M416). Major equipment manufacturers such as Siemens and GE recommend RULER testing as part of a condition-monitoring program.

In addition, most oil and additive manufacturers use the RULER technology as both a condition monitoring and research tool to gain further insights into their lubricant formulations. 

For more information, visit www.fluitec.com.

ISO fluid cleanliness codes are used to quantify levels of particle contamination present per milliliter of fluid at three different micron sizes (4, 6 and 14 microns). The ISO cleanliness code is always expressed as three numbers, with each number representing a contamination code for the correlating particle size. Watch this video for a brief explanation of ISO fluid cleanliness codes and to get a solid understanding of what these codes represent.

Oil analysis is perhaps one of the best tools in your arsenal when it comes to determining the health of a machine. The data in the oil not only holds the key to the health of the lubricant but also to that of any wear modes existing in the machines. When you pair this with historical data, you are able to trend these results and better understand what is going on inside the equipment.

Many people regard drawing oil samples as an “as time allows” activity and fail to reap the benefits this technology has to offer. It should be taken seriously and be performed with the utmost care and diligence. It is not enough to simply fill a bottle with oil from the system; you must perform this task properly to accurately trend the data you receive back from the lab.

The first step to accurately track data from your oil samples is to identify the proper location for an oil sample. Samples should be taken from turbulent or “live” zones within the oil system. Pulling a sample from the drain valve is not an accurate representation of the condition of the machine. Wear particles, contaminants and water settle to the bottom of the sump, thus making this sample full of historical data and difficult to trend as you continue to sample from this location.

Drop-tube sampling is another method that should be avoided. This involves a vacuum sample pump, a length of tubing and the reservoir of the machine you are testing. With this method, it is challenging to get the tubing into a live zone of the oil and to repeat the exact same test location time after time. This also leads to poor trending of data and skews the accuracy of your sample.

Modifying your equipment to include sample ports is a must if you wish to accurately trend your oil analysis data. Installing a sample port or sample valve provides a location where you can consistently pull a representative sample of the oil in your systems. The sample valve should be located in a turbulent area of oil flow. This can be found after pumps or in elbows where the oil turns and begins to flow violently. You want to sample upstream of any filters to ensure that you aren’t losing any of the valuable data due to filtration.

Some systems may have only one sample port. For instance, if you have a gearbox, you should install a sample port with a stainless-steel tube extension so that the end of the tube (where the sample will be drawn from) is close to the gear teeth and at least 2 inches away from any of the walls of the gearcase. When you sample, you then will use the same port and draw oil from the same place every time. This leads to consistent and trendable data. It also makes spotting any abnormalities in the oil very easy.

Many systems should have several sample ports. This is where the discussion of primary and secondary sample ports begins. A primary port is a location in the system downstream of the working components where you can get a good representation of the system as a whole with one sample. As you draw samples from this location and trend the results, there may come a time when you begin to see an increase in wear debris. This is where secondary sampling ports come into play. Secondary ports allow you to track where the increased wear is coming from in the system. Generally, secondary ports should be installed after individual components to allow for monitoring of their health.

For example, if you are sampling the return line of a hydraulic system and see an increase in wear debris, you would want to track where that debris is coming from within the system. In a typical hydraulic system, you would need to have a secondary port after the pump and after any cylinders or hydraulic motors in the system. This would allow you to find where the increase in wear is originating.

Using proper sampling techniques is just as important as the sample valves. You must flush your sampling hardware to limit the data disturbance by environmental contamination. Typically, flushing 10 times the dead space of the sample equipment will suffice and ensure that you are getting a good sample. For very dirty environments, keeping the sample bottle in a sealed bag while you draw a sample will help minimize data disturbance by outside sources.

In addition, take a look at the oil sample bottles you are using. Bottle cleanliness makes a difference in the oil’s particle count. If your particle counts are high, consider purchasing sample bottles that are certified “clean” or “super clean” to make certain that the disturbance is not in the bottle. For systems in which the oil samples are extremely critical, perhaps use glass bottles that are certified “ultra clean.”

Oil analysis data has a wealth of benefits for those who utilize it properly. By ensuring that you are sampling properly, this data is more easily trendable and the results can be more easily understood. Of course, tracking historical results is a must for any good oil analysis program. Keep striving for world-class standards and always keep an eye out for what your oil is trying to tell you.

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“What temperature is best to measure the relative density of a lubricant in order to calculate its volume?”

Density plays a critical role in how a lubricant functions as well as how machines perform. Most systems are designed to pump a fluid of a specific density, so as the density begins to change, the efficiency of the pump begins to change as well.

The ASTM D1298-12b Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API (American Petroleum Institute) Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products states that accurate determination of the API gravity, density or relative density (specific gravity) uses a standard temperature of 60 degrees F (15 degrees C).

In Layman’s terms, density is the mass of an object relative to the volume it occupies. Mathematically, density, mass and volume are related according to the following formula:

ρ=m/V   where ρ=density, m=mass and V=volume.

The density of most oils will range between 700 and 950 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³). By definition, water has a density of 1,000 kg/m³. What this means is that most oils will float on water as they are lighter by volume. This is not always the case, as some Group IV base oils can have a higher density than that of water, effectively causing the oil to sink in the water.

The API measurement of density is reported a little differently. This measurement uses a comparison to water on an inverse scale. Water is represented by a 10 on the scale. Anything greater than 10 has a lower density than the water and will float upon it. Anything less than 10 will be heavier and sink in the water. Below is a chart displaying how API relates to specific gravity and weight per volume.

Keep in mind that as density increases, so too does the erosive potential of the fluid. In high turbulence or high-velocity regions of a system, the fluid can begin to erode piping, valves or any other surface in its path.

Not only are solid particles affected by the density of a fluid, but so are contaminants such as air and water. Both of these contaminants have a marked impact on density. Oxidation influences the density of a fluid as well. As oxidation progresses, the density of the oil increases.

"How do you check the quality of a lubricant additive? Which parameters are most important?"

There are many tests that can help determine the quality of a lubricant additive. The importance of the parameters is prioritized by the specific role that the lubricant will fill. One thing to remember is that lubricant performance is not solely governed by additives. The base oil also plays a major part.

Following are some of the most critical parameters, along with the standardized testing methods, in no particular order:

Viscometrics – ASTM D445 (or Modified)             

This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity by the density of the liquid.

Wear and Friction Control – ASTM D5182 or D4998          

This test method evaluates gear-tooth face scuffing resistance of fluids using A-profile gears. The rig is operated at 1,450 rpm up to 12 progressive load stages at 15-minute intervals. Gear teeth are inspected after each load stage for scuffing. In addition to a visual evaluation of gear-tooth condition, gear weight loss is measured.

Oxidation Resistance — ASTM D943       

This test method is widely used for specification purposes and is considered valuable in estimating the oxidation stability of lubricants, especially those that are prone to water contamination. However, it should be recognized that the correlation between the results of this method and the oxidation stability of a lubricant in field service may vary markedly with field service conditions and with various lubricants. The precision statement for this method was based on steam turbine oils.

Dispersancy — ASTM D1401       

This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.

Base Number — ASTM D2896    

New and used petroleum products can contain basic constituents that are present as additives. The relative amounts of these materials can be determined by titration with acids. The base number is a measure of the amount of basic substance in the oil, always under the test conditions. It is sometimes used as a measure of lubricant degradation in service. However, any condemning limits must be empirically established.

Detergency – ASTM D4951-09   

Additive packages are blends of individual additives that can act as detergents, antioxidants, anti-wear agents and so forth. Many additives contain one or more elements covered by this test method. Additive package specifications are based in part on elemental composition. Lubricating oils are typically blends of additive packages, and their specifications are also based in part on elemental composition. This test method can be used to determine if additive packages and unused lubricating oils meet specifications with respect to elemental composition. Specifically looking at detergents would require investigation of calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, barium, etc.

Demulsibility – ASTM D2711

This test provides a guide for determining the demulsibility characteristic of lubricating oils that are prone to water contamination and may encounter the turbulence of pumping and circulation, which is capable of producing water-in-oil emulsions.

Corrosion Resistance – ASTM D665

In many instances, such as in steam turbine gears, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. The method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids, as well as for the specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.

Pour Point – ASTM D97

The pour point of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which it becomes semi-solid and loses its flow characteristics.

One of the primary functions of a lubricant is to preserve the cleanliness of a combustion engine’s mechanical parts. The cleanliness of these parts is facilitated by the introduction of detergency and dispersancy additives to the engine oil. This last property, dispersancy, is the property that allows the oil to suspend and carry away pollutants of diverse sources, such as soot from combustion, metallic particles from wear, corrosion of mechanical parts and insoluble products resulting from the aging of the oil, etc.

With the arrival of new fuels (e.g., biodiesel, ethanol blends, etc.), the existing or traditional lubricants present an important variability in terms of durability and resistance to pollutants. Studies show that the dispersancy capacity of certain types of lubricants is significantly degraded by the presence of specific pollutants, in particular fatty-acid methyl esters of biofuels, which have a significant impact.

It is therefore important to quantify the degradation of the oil in service (engines or transmission oils) and to monitor the evolution of the oil’s dispersancy properties during use to be able to determine steps and intervals for maintenance. Additionally, for the development of new lubricants, it is necessary to define a criterion of acceptance of the oil by its dispersancy capacity.

Existing Methods for Analyzing Lubricant Dispersancy

To date, no rigorous analytical method makes possible the measurement of the dispersancy capacity of the lubricant. The blotter spot method could provide an answer to this need, but the only method practiced to date is based on a visual evaluation. This subjective visual interpretation is not rigorous and consequently limits the information that could be provided by the method.

Engine Test

The objective of the engine test (DV4TD – CEC-L-93-04) is to evaluate the effect of combustion soot on engine oil viscosity increase and piston cleanliness. This procedure simulates high-speed highway service in a diesel-powered passenger car. The procedure fixture is an engine dynamometer procedure stand with a Peugeot DV4TD/L4 four-cylinder, in-line, common rail diesel engine installed. Pistons and rings are future rated for lacquer deposits and ring sticking. Kinematic viscosity at 100 degrees C, soot content and iron content in the used oil are evaluated at 24-hour intervals during the procedure. The final oil drain is used in conjunction with the intermediate samples to interpolate the absolute viscosity increase at 6 percent soot.

This approach has the merit of exactly reproducing the behavior of the lubricant under definite conditions of the test. However, the evaluation methods on the engine are very long and expensive. In addition, the precision of this test is not at the level of a laboratory method.

Blotter Test Method

Several versions of this old method exist in industry. Many studies show the value of this method as being rich in practical information on in-service lubricants, but it remains mainly manual and homemade. The interpretation of the blotter spot continues to be subjective and not formalized by a universally recognized method.

To conduct the test, a small quantity of a homogenized sample is heated to 240 degrees C (464 degrees F) for 5 minutes. The purpose of this short period of intense heating is to stress any oil that is close to thermal or oxidative failure so that the blotter spot shows a positive response. Any oil that is still in good shape will not be affected by such a short heating period, which will be reflected in the dispersion pattern of the blotter spot.

Once the sample cools, an approximately 25-microliter aliquot is dropped onto chromatography paper (or filter paper) and allowed to spread or wick for 1 hour in an oven set at 80 degrees C (176 degrees F). The filter paper is then placed under a light source in order to locate the various rings. The calculation of a dispersancy index is provided by the measurement of the different sizes of the diffusion rings of the oil and the pollutants.

The current blotter test method by visual quotation remains subjective and not based on mathematical models. Although the blotter test offers limited value measuring soot concentration, it provides an excellent assessment of the lubricant’s dispersancy performance. An oil that is properly dispersing soot and other insolubles produces an evenly graduated blotter. A blotter indicating a high soot load but even graduation suggests that the oil is still fit for service but should be watched closely for degradation.

When dispersancy begins to fail, the insolubles start to form a dense ring on the exterior of the absorbing oil drop, as seen in spot 7 of Figure 2. Spot 9 indicates the characteristic dense black dot and shape periphery that forms when the oil completely loses dispersancy performance. From a maintenance perspective, when the ring begins to form around the exterior of the oil blotter, it is time to look at scheduling an oil change.

Certain laboratories have established their own quotation method of the spot by a measurement of the diameter of certain halos (or rings) and calculations of diameter ratios. Because these methods are not published, it is almost impossible to compare the results obtained between various laboratories. Moreover, with the introduction of new oils and fuels (e.g., biodiesel, ethanol, etc.), the appearance of multiple rings caused by various pollutants (carbon particles, etc.) is noted. For these reasons, the visual/manual interpretation of the various rings is very complicated and not easily exploitable.

There exists an automated apparatus that facilitates the interpretation of the spot and eliminates the subjective aspect from the manual method. This instrument is equipped with a monochromic charge coupled device (CCD) camera and does not use the information color of the spot or differentiate each ring of the spot. The apparatus compares the diameter of the spot with a theoretical diameter and analyzes the opacity homogeneity of the spot. Of these two parameters, the device calculates a dispersancy index that varies from 0 to 100 (with 100 being the ideal dispersancy).

A New Approach

The goal of this new approach was not to reinvent the blotter test. A computer is used with dedicated software that was specifically developed for recognition and analysis of color images. With the digital imaging analysis of the spot, in particular its opacity and its spreading out by means of a dedicated algorithm and the choice of perfectly adapted filter paper, it becomes possible to evaluate in an objective and quantified way the residual power of a lubricant to disperse insoluble matter.

The general principle of the method for the preparation of the spot remains virtually unchanged. It consists of depositing a volume of 15 microliters of oil on a specific filter paper and analyzing the rings of the spot, which are representative of the dispersion of the pollutants. The sample volume was decreased from 20 microliters to 15 microliters to limit the size of the spot and to make it compatible with the image-analysis system, as well as to be able to analyze all types of lubricants.

The deposit of the oil on the filter paper is carried out at room temperature or in certain cases at 200 degrees C in order to free itself from the viscosity of the sample. The filter paper is then placed in a drying oven at 100 degrees C for 24 hours.

The instrument used for this new approach features a light source positioned above the measurement table (direct light) and a color CCD camera equipped with a high resolution. It also has dedicated software that is capable of monitoring both the light source and the camera. The software memorizes the numeric color picture of the spot.

This instrument makes it possible to take a digital color picture of the spot as the human eye sees it but with higher resolution. The image is memorized for the treatment and added to the test report, which enables you to visually check the results reported by the software. The use of a color camera allows you to identify the various rings by obtaining chromatic information on the spot.

In order to analyze the spot under the same conditions of lighting for optimized reproducibility, the calibration of the device is carried out on a white sheet of filter paper.

The software reports the following data:

• The color image of the spot as the human eye perceives it.
• The digital model in levels of gray associated with an opacity of the delimited ring by its real form.
• The number of rings present in the spot, with ring 1 being the last external ring.
• The diameter of each ring.
• The surface of each ring.
• The average opacity of each ring.

The software was designed to be able to analyze a series of spots coming from the same oil at various stages of degradation. This possibility was created in order to carry out a follow-up of each value measured during artificial life tests and also during the engine follow-up.

The new approach makes it possible to obtain results of dispersancy analysis in a numeric format. With this technique, the detection of the rings is much more precise and repeatable.

Case Study #1: Thermal Qualification of an Engine Oil

Before testing the new method on lubricants contaminated by biofuel, two lubricants considered internal references were tested.

• RH 2010 engine oil was qualified as a high-level reference.
• RL 2010 engine oil was qualified as a low-level reference (judged as “borderline”).

For the evaluation of the thermal behavior of engine oil, new and pure engine oil was stressed with an accelerated aging, including a thermal stress (170 degrees C) in the presence of oxygen and an oxidation proprietary catalyst. After 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours, samples were taken. Each sample was then analyzed with the new method and instrument described previously.

A spreading out of the high-level reference oil RH2010 in comparison to the borderline oil RL2010 was observed. In addition, it was noticed that opacities of the central rings were much darker. These tests carried out with the new blotter test method confirmed the respective quality level of the two engine oils. In this particular case, their capacity to disperse insoluble oxidation matter was verified.

Case Study #2: Thermal Qualification of an Engine Oil in the Presence of Biofuel

The same two qualified engine oils, the high-level reference and the borderline reference, were stressed with the aging method, but diesel B10 was added starting from 72 hours of the test. Then, the contamination level of diesel B10 was maintained to 10 percent during the remainder of the test.

A reduction in spreading out and a more important opacity in the presence of biofuel GOPSA10LUB for the high-level reference oil was observed. The RH2010 oil approached the rupture limit at the end of the 144 hours, but the total result according to the criteria remained satisfactory, although the bad dispersancy in the presence of biofuel was highlighted.

With this engine oil evaluated as borderline, a reduction in spreading out in the presence of biofuel GOPSA10 was observed. This result becomes critical with respect to the acceptable requirements that are based over the duration of 120 hours.

Conclusion

Although a relevant mathematical model must still be developed, this new method will make it possible to determine the dispersancy of an oil by its capacity to disperse insoluble matter. It also is able to precisely evaluate the resistance of a new oil to disperse insoluble matter when submitted to an oxidation test and/or thermal behavior test. In addition, it can determine the impact of pollutants such as biofuel on the dispersancy capacity of oils thanks to the precise measurement of each ring.

The process and the instrument of the new method are usable in the laboratory and on engine benches or rolling vehicles for any mechanical parts lubricated with oil, such as a marine engine or a wind turbine, and for many types of oils, including industrial oils, cutting oils, etc. Specific calculation criteria for oils resulting from rolling bench or in-service vehicles can also be defined.

By analyzing the measured parameters in each ring, it should be possible to determine the types of pollutants present in the oil and their implication on dispersancy. Thus, it becomes possible to have an indication on the cleanliness of the bodies and to quantify in a precise way the pollutants in oil (soot resulting from the combustion of the fuel, metal particles due to the wear and corrosion of the bodies, products resulting from the aging of oil, etc.).

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"A recent article suggested that particles that are removed from oil reduce failure detection via oil analysis. I use an oil centrifuge on my personal Cummins engine installed in a pickup, and I use oil analysis at oil change intervals. What would happen if I sent the residue to a lab to be analyzed after cleaning the 'stuff' out?"

It’s true that particles that are removed from oil will reduce the effectiveness of oil analysis to detect failure. Oil analysis cannot detect particles that aren’t there. Nevertheless, most particles that are removed by oil filters and centrifugal separators (or centrifuges) are too large to be seen by many oil analysis instruments such as spectrometers. Spectrometers are biased toward smaller particles in the range of 3 microns or less. This is much smaller than the majority of particles trapped by these filters or centrifuges, which typically are around 10 microns or larger. Therefore, the smaller (and just as significant) particles remain in the oil for analysis.

However, larger particles that are trapped by filters or centrifuges are important as well and can be more closely associated with advanced wear. Filter debris analysis provides one possible method for this type of analysis. Several larger commercial laboratories offer this service where a swatch of contaminant-filled filter media can be analyzed.

If a centrifuge is used in the engine, the sediment inside can be gouged out and sent to the lab along with simple instructions for how it should be analyzed and information regarding its source. The best spectrometer in this case would be an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer, which is available at many larger commercial labs.

Alternatively, the laboratory could use a solvent to break down the gouged sediment from the centrifuge and then transfer it through a membrane. This would trap the large particles on the surface of the membrane, which could then be analyzed through microscopic analysis or analytical ferrography.

Of course, the majority of sediment and residue found within the centrifuge will be soot or sludge deposits and thus will lack vital oil properties such as dispersancy to be analyzed within the engine oil. This is important to understand because filter/centrifuge debris will be limited to the characteristics of the contaminants, while oil analysis can provide information on the overall characteristics of the oil. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the oil as well as gather information on the concentration of oil additives and any changes to the base oil.

Filtration is essential and should not be curbed for the sake of oil analysis. Failure detection via oil analysis is multifaceted. Particles trapped by filtration are only a slice of this process. Continuing to carry out oil analysis in cooperation with filter debris analysis may be the ideal solution for achieving effective analysis while maintaining your motor oil's filtration.

Universal Lubricants recently completed its 2 millionth Engine Guard oil analysis, a service milestone the company celebrated with long-time customer Hamm Inc., which submitted the 2 millionth engine oil sample for analysis. Universal Lubricants has provided this maintenance service to its commercial customers for more than 50 years.

"Today's high-performance engines need to be monitored and supported to perform reliably and keep maintenance costs down," said Mike Wyant, Universal Lubricants' manager of technical services. "Our quality-assurance lab is a key differentiator for our company and an integral part of our closed-loop strategy. The Engine Guard program allows our customers to keep their fingers on the pulse of their heavy-duty equipment. It’s an early indicator of problems that can be corrected before they cause sudden equipment failures or prolonged downtime. With heavy-duty equipment valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars, failure can result in huge production losses and enormous repair costs."

Hamm Inc., which has submitted more than 30,000 Engine Guard samples over the last 25 years, is a Midwest leader in highway construction, aggregates and waste services. It operates a wide variety of equipment — from over-the-road trucks to stone crushers and enormous earthmovers — that require a broad range of high-performance products and a variety of viscosities to withstand extreme temperatures, stresses and friction.

"The Engine Guard oil analysis program is a valuable tool that helps us achieve the highest levels of performance and reliability in all of our equipment," said Dale Johnson, equipment manager for Hamm Inc. "Universal Lubricants is a great partner with exceptional response time in reporting our oil analysis results. The lab team provides an extra set of eyes on our equipment and other assets, which has helped us in our overall maintenance practices. As a result, we have lengthened oil change intervals in each asset category, which keeps our equipment running longer and more efficiently."

Universal Lubricants quality-assurance laboratory is located near the company’s high-tech re-refinery in Wichita, Kan. The lab monitors the quality of Universal Lubricants products to ensure they meet or exceed all performance specifications, and conducts the Engine Guard oil analysis to help customers extend oil drain intervals and keep their equipment operational to maximize profits.

"All a customer has to do is draw a sample, submit it in our specially designed, postage-paid Engine Guard test kit and let us do the rest," said Wyant. "Our lab generates reports within 24 hours of receiving samples and makes them available via a password-protected website. More importantly, we immediately notify customers if there are any abnormal or critical results."

Universal Lubricants collects more than 40 million gallons of used engine and motor oil annually, which is transported back to its re-refinery where impurities are removed to produce crystal-clear Group II base oil. This base oil is then spiked with high-performance additives and returned to the marketplace in the form of high-performance motor oils and engine oils, as well as other lubricants. 

"Our lab is involved in every step of this closed-loop process, from testing waste oil that arrives by truck and rail to sampling the finished products to ensure that our oils and other lubricants are the highest quality available on the market today," Wyant said.

For more information, visit www.universallubes.com.

Siemens Industry Inc. has been awarded the 2013 ISA Analysis Division Product of the Year Award for its Maxum edition II gas chromatograph.

The award was presented at the 58th Analysis Division Symposium in Galveston, Texas, on April 18, 2013. Judging was based on the product’s innovation, novelty and impact on the industry. The judging panel was made up of independent process analysis experts and end users appointed by the division’s staff.

"In our industry, this is the most important award a process analyzer product might receive," says Siemens product manager Bob Farmer. "The award recognizes the significance of enhancements to the chromatograph that increase its availability as well as reduce maintenance overhead and operating costs."

The Maxum edition II gas chromatograph is used for chemical composition analysis in gas, oil and petrochemical plants. The product has been continually upgraded to improve simplicity and maintenance, particularly for quick and predictable exchanges and repairs.

The new configuration is designed with a small modular oven with space for an integrated analysis module, as well as a larger version with more room for combination modules. The new operator panel also has a large 10-inch color touch display.

The ISA Analysis Division facilitates program development, implementation and effectiveness through integrated planning, measurement, evaluation and interventions for its members. It supports spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry and sample handling.

For more information, visit www.usa.siemens.com/gc.

Intertek recently announced the opening of a state-of-the-art lubricant and oil condition monitoring (OCM) testing laboratory in South Africa. The lab expansion enables the company to meet increasing market demand and shorten project turnaround time for lubricants testing.

The new OCM laboratory, which is located in the Johannesburg area, will offer lubricant analysis, used-oil testing and oil conditioning monitoring services with modern testing instrumentation.

By measuring wear metals and other components, Intertek OCM scientists and technicians can spot lubricant and machine quality and operational problems early and help customers avoid expensive repairs and shutdowns. Lubricant testing data reviewed by Intertek OCM professionals can offer an early warning "damage prevention" service, catching developing problems before they become costly failures.

Intertek also provides lubricant manufacturers with feedstock and product quality-control analysis, and conducts automotive engine qualifications testing to assist lubricant manufacturers in developing products approved for new government regulations and industry standards.

"Intertek's oil condition monitoring laboratory and staff in South Africa bring years of expertise and an expanded range of industrial experience, supporting clients in a rapidly growing region of the world," said Robert Markus, managing director for Intertek Sub-Saharan Africa. "Our goal is to exceed the customers' expectations through innovative services and prompt efficient testing and reporting turnaround times."

For more information, visit www.intertek.com.

Most oil samples are taken based on a fixed schedule. For large, stationary rotating equipment, monthly or bi-monthly samples are common. Proactive maintenance programs depend on regular checks for oil cleanliness, dryness and lubricant quality. However, machines can and do fail for a variety of reasons, and there is a certain randomness to the onset of these failures. Furthermore, the failure development period is equally unpredictable, with some failures taking months to develop, while others are sudden and abrupt.

In the March-April 2013 issue of Machinery Lubrication, I addressed machine criticality analysis as an essential tool to define the Optimum Reference State (ORS) for numerous lubrication and oil analysis activities. The Overall Criticality Matrix (OCM) is constructed from two assessments: the Machine Criticality Factor (MCF) and the Failure Occurrence Factor (FOF). The MCF relates to the consequences of machine failure while the FOF relates to the probability of machine failure. Both the MCF and the FOF are highly influenced by the effectiveness of “early fault detection.” In other words, the effectiveness of early fault detection sharply reduces machine criticality (for details on this, read the article at www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/29346/machinery-criticality-analysis).

Figure 1. Early Predictive Maintenance P-F Interval Scheme

This is the critical link to the “unscheduled” oil analysis strategy. Its theme is not just predictive maintenance (PdM), but more specifically, early predictive maintenance (EPM). Let’s start by reviewing the widely used P-F interval. A modified version is shown in Figure 1.

The “P” is the point when an abnormal wear condition or fault is first detected. The “F” is the functional or operational end of the failure cycle requiring repair or replacement. Failures with short development periods usually go undetected when tests (e.g., vibration and oil analysis) are performed infrequently (even monthly analysis is viewed as infrequent). Conversely, frequent detection methods not only can report a developing failure but also have the potential to detect that failure early (in the incipient stage). There are specific tactics and tools for doing this well.

Again, the secret to this strategy is the frequency. It enables a much higher percentage of failure detection (saves) events, especially earlier detection. The purposeful benefit is mitigated machine damage and reduced or no unscheduled downtime (longer P-F interval). While PdM concentrates on predicting the end of a machine’s (or lubricant’s) service life, EPM puts critical focus on timing - not just detecting - by detecting early. It seeks a budding problem, not a burgeoning problem.

Detection by Multi-Modal Surveillance

In Noria’s seminars, we use the expression, “You can’t catch a fish unless your hook is in the water.” Likewise, in oil analysis, you can’t catch a fault unless your hook is in the water. There’s an earlier tier to oil analysis called the “detection phase,” which in my view is a huge untapped opportunity in condition-based maintenance. Most scheduled oil analysis programs skip over the detection phase by attempting to catch impending machine failures and only take infrequent snapshots of oil condition.

Figure 2. Combining lab data with surveillance data for a complete picture of machine condition

The detection phase of EPM is continuous failure surveillance across numerous parameters. It integrates skillful and frequent human inspection tactics with other conventional monitoring technologies. A few years ago, I wrote a column on the power of the one-minute daily inspection. This is a critical and often underutilized modality of surveillance and detection.

Fundamentally, the detection phase of EPM is anything and everything that can be done to detect (not analyze) failure in progress. It includes all of the following:

• Daily routine visual inspections of the oil (level, color, opacity, foam, varnish, tank condition, leakage, magnetic plugs, etc.)
• Audible inspections (change in machine sound)
• Temperature inspections (touch, heat guns, gauges, etc.)
• Portable PdM technology inspections (vibration overalls, thermography, acoustics, motor current, etc.)
• Mechanical inspections (shaft movement, seal conditions, open gear wear, etc.)
• Instrument and gauge inspections (flow rates, proximity probes, pressure, bypass indicators, etc.)
• Onsite oil analysis screening tests (crackle, blotter, viscosity, ferrous density, patch, etc.)

Many impending and precipitous failure conditions that were first reported by scheduled oil analysis could have been detected much earlier if better and more frequent inspection methods were in place, such as those in the list above. The economics of early detection are enormously improved as well.

As noted previously, failure detection and failure analysis are different concepts. Once an abnormal condition has been detected, it can be investigated further to determine where it is coming from, the probable cause of the failure, how severe and threatening it is, and the corrective action. This is where oil analysis and other predictive technologies can be very valuable. “Unscheduled” oil samples can then be forwarded to the lab for troubleshooting purposes (diagnostics and prognostics). These include samples from secondary sampling ports to help localize the source of the problem.

In the laboratory, specialized qualitative and quantitative tests can be performed to characterize the nature of the condition. These might include wear particle identification (XRF, SEM-EDX, analytical ferrography and many others). The skills of a triboanalyst and a multi-technology PdM specialist can combine lab data with surveillance data for the most complete picture of the machine’s condition (see Figure 2).

Proactive Maintenance Still Requires Scheduled Oil Analysis

Unscheduled oil analysis is not an alternative to scheduled oil sampling and analysis. Routine oil analysis is still needed for many reasons. The most important is proactive maintenance, which uses oil analysis to monitor and control the presence of failure root causes. These include verification of the lubricant’s physical and chemical properties as well as contamination control. The benefits of a fine-tuned proactive maintenance program are much slower machine wear rates (longer machine service life), fewer overall machine failures and less associated downtime.

When proactive maintenance is combined with EPM, a comprehensive and more efficient condition-based maintenance program results. Early predictive maintenance is about extreme vigilance. It involves the development of more effective inspection skills and a more effective means of inspection (machine modifications). It also requires a culture change and management support for remediation of machines that have not yet failed.

Transformer oils serve several functions. They provide dielectric strength, protect the solid insulation and facilitate heat transfer. Perhaps most importantly, they also offer a way to determine if a problem exists when looking inside the transformer.

While several different dielectric fluids are used in transformers today, by far the most common are mineral oils. Of these, the majority are of naphthenic base stocks. Generally speaking, naphthenics have a lower natural pour point and a lower viscosity index (VI). Obviously, the lower pour point is beneficial for the lower temperatures found in some climates and during the winter months.

Due to the lower viscosity index of naphthenic base oils, a rise in temperature has a greater effect on the viscosity of the oil. As the temperature increases, the viscosity decreases and the heat-transfer rate is improved. For oils of equal viscosity at 40 degrees C, the heat-transfer coefficient can be 8 to 11 percent greater for a naphthenic oil than for a paraffinic oil.

As a mineral oil, the transformer oil’s usable life can be optimized if it is kept clean, cool and dry. Upon receipt and prior to use, these oils should be tested for particulate and water contamination among others using the following tests: acid number (ASTM D664), dielectric breakdown voltage (ASTM D877), liquid power factor (ASTM D924-08), interfacial tension (ASTM D971), specific resistance (ASTM D1169), corrosive sulfur (ASTM D1275), visual examination (ASTM D1524), Karl Fischer water (ASTM D1533), dielectric breakdown voltage (ASTM D1816), gassing tendency (ASTM D2300), oxidation stability (ASTM D2440), gas chromatography (D3612), oxidation inhibitor (ASTM D4768 or D2668) and particle count (ASTM D6786). These tests will determine whether you are receiving clean oil and will establish a baseline of the oil properties that should be tested periodically. Although there are a number of tests to which the oils can be subjected, some are quite expensive, so they may be best used as diagnostic tests if an issue is indicated in more routine testing.

The recommended frequency of transformer oil analysis is dependent on both the voltage and power. The chart on the left can serve as a guideline but does not take into consideration the transformer’s operating environment.

If results from a periodic test raise a red flag, the frequency should be increased. Even if the cost of the tests is high, the expense should be compared with the cost of replacing a transformer and the downtime associated with the loss of a transformer.

The most common in-service tests are the dielectric breakdown voltage (ASTM D877), interfacial tension (ASTM D971), acid number (ASTM D664), oxidation inhibitor (ASTM D4768 or D2668), Karl Fischer water (ASTM D1533), visual examination (ASTM D1524), and dissolved gas analysis (ASTM D3612). The sampling for these tests is critical. Be sure to follow ASTM D923-07. Any deviation from this procedure may result in test data that does not offer an accurate picture of the condition of the oil or the internal components.

It is important to differentiate between normal and excessive gassing rates. These will vary based on the transformer design, insulation material and loading. It is recommended that laboratories use key gas analysis (KGA) supplemented by the Dornenburg and Rogers ratios in analyzing dissolved gas analysis (DGA) results. DGA measures the oil for methane, acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, ethane and carbon monoxide. It can also provide an indication of arcing, corona, overheating oil and overheating cellulose.

Other tests that can be performed measure inorganic chlorides and sulfates (ASTM D878) and specific gravity (ASTM D1298). Some of these tests will be conducted by the blender or supplier. These tests will establish a baseline for comparison in future analysis.

Keep in mind that it is not uncommon for transformer oils to be in use for 30 years or more, so a little expense on the front end can lead to huge returns in the future.

Electric conductivity is a measure of a fluid’s electrostatic chargeability. It usually is expressed in picosiemens per meter (pS/m). In addition to the type of fluid, conductivity also depends on the concentration of movable charge carriers. For example, pure distilled water is only slightly conductive. However, if the water contains impurities such as salts, acids or bases, then its conductivity increases.

Lubricants are normally only slightly conductive and therefore can work as insulators in transformers or switches. However, oils can also conduct electric current. Their conductivity is dependent on several different factors, including the base oil, additives and polarity.

Oil Conductivity

The more polar a lubricant is, the less refined and more conductive it is. Based on the manufacturing method and level of refining, the American Petroleum Institute (API) has classified base oils into five groups (see Table 1).

The lightly refined, mineral-oil-based base oils of Group I represent the simplest option and previously accounted for the largest proportion of lubricant production. Over the last few years, that proportion has been in steady decline, as the more refined base oils of Groups II, III and IV are increasingly being utilized for modern lubricants. This trend of using more refined base oils and synthetic alternatives is based on the fact that they generally have better characteristics such as higher aging stability. However, while the higher-quality base oils have many advantages, there are concerns over some of their changed properties, which can lead to problems, especially when unfavorable combinations occur. One such consequence is varnish, which can be due to the base oil’s altered dissolving performance with regard to aging and reaction products. Another consideration is component and lubricant damage, which can be caused by electrostatic discharges. The lubricant’s conductivity is an important factor in the charge buildup, and conductivity is dependent on the type of base oil used (see Table 2).

Table 2. Conductivity of oils and synthetic fluids at 23 degrees C (73 degrees F)

Along with the base oil, additives have a significant effect on an oil’s conductivity. The higher the proportion of metal-organic additives, the higher the lubricant’s conductivity. A prime example would be metal-organic additives such as those frequently used in zinc dithiophosphate (ZnDTP). As a proven multi-purpose additive in engine and hydraulic oils, ZnDTP improves wear and corrosion protection while simultaneously functioning as an antioxidant. However, zinc is considered to have dangerous health implications, so ZnDTP should be largely avoided. This means that the oil’s conductivity decreases and the risk of static charging increases.

A lubricant’s conductivity not only is influenced by the base oil and the additive package but also depends on temperature. The higher the temperature, the higher the oil’s conductivity. Unfortunately, there is no linear correlation between the two parameters, as each oil type has its own conductivity/temperature relationship. Furthermore, at a constant temperature, conductivity still changes during operation due to additive reactions, wear metals, reactions with metal surfaces, water and the formation of aging and oxidation products.

Electrostatic Charges

Although monitoring conductivity so far has been unable to achieve much success in the area of sensor technology, it is gaining significance with regard to electrostatic charges and discharges in lubricant and hydraulic systems.

Figure 1. The relationship between lubricant conductivity and temperature

In oil-circulating systems, electrostatic charges generally can occur if there is friction in the flow between the oil and the surfaces surrounding it. The strength of the static charge depends on many different and partly interconnected factors. The energy density, which builds up in the system and leads to subsequent discharges, is contingent on the oil’s conductivity and volume flow. The more oil that flows through a circulation pipe and the lower the oil’s conductivity, the greater the potential for an electrostatic charge.

Oil can be especially electrostatically charged if:

• It is formulated with a base oil from Group II or III.
• It contains no polarizing (zinc-containing) additives.
• The conductivity of the new or old oil is less than 400 pS/m.
• It is fed into pipes that are too small.
• It is moved with too high a flow velocity.
• It produces friction in poorly designed filter elements.
• Pipes and hoses are not grounded.
• The oil level has dropped too low.
• It contains high proportions of undissolved air (bubbles).

Electrostatic Discharges and Possible Consequences

If the level of electric charge in the system becomes too great, an electrostatic discharge (ESD) will occur. In such cases, microsparks or sparking results. Typically, a crackling or clicking sound will be heard near the filter or in the tank. If the charge is high enough, the discharge could be repeated several times in quick succession. Discharges primarily take place in areas with vastly different material combinations. Modern filters with a high proportion of plastic are often affected.

The microsparks caused by a static charge can lead to temperatures approaching 1,000 degrees C. This can be extremely dangerous if the fluids are even slightly flammable. In addition, if hydrocarbon vapors have formed in the tank ventilation area, the system could spontaneously combust. However, when discharge sparks occur within a turbine or hydraulic oil-circulation system, they are normally smothered very quickly by the oil. Nevertheless, these mini-explosions can burn holes in filters or even seriously damage the oil due to increased sludge buildup.

Effects on Turbine and Hydraulic Oils

In recent years, electrostatic charges and discharges have been occurring more frequently in turbine and hydraulic oil systems. Several developments are responsible for this, including:

• Modern hydraulic fluids and turbine oils have become increasingly less conductive because of the global trend to use modern base oils and additives. Previously, turbine oils were based on relatively conductive, lightly refined Group I base oils. Currently, more oxidation-resistant, better refined Group II base oils or even partly synthetic Group III base oils are being used, especially for gas turbine oils. These oils are considerably less conductive. In addition, turbine oils normally contain very few metal-organic additives, which help to prevent the formation of unwanted deposits (varnish).
• New systems feature a more compact design with a considerably smaller tank capacity and a proportionally larger displaced volume.
• Oil purity requirements have increased. This in turn has led to higher filtration rates.
• The filtration intensity and electrostatic charge properties of the oil (resulting from filtration) have increased.
• The oils’ low conductivity, which often is far below 1,000 pS/m in certain conditions, has resulted in an increased tendency for electrostatic charging.

Measuring Conductivity to Prevent Damage

In order to prevent damage from electrostatic discharges, more than just the conductivity of new oil must be identified. The parameter is also important for older lubricants, especially when dealing with larger quantities, if nothing is known about the used oil or a burning smell or soot particles are noticeable. Therefore, some oil analysis laboratories now offer conductivity measurements at different temperatures. The process has been tested for several years and is conducted in accordance with ASTM D2624. It originally was developed for inspecting airplane kerosene to avoid accidents caused by jet fuel charging.

As mentioned previously, oil’s conductivity value is measured in pS/m. If the conductivity is more than 400 pS/m at 68 degrees F (20 degrees C), there is little risk of damage to the oil or the system from electrostatic charges. However, if the value is lower, there is a very real possibility that the phenomenon could occur.

If an oil with an increased ESD risk is being used, grounding the entire system is not a viable option. The voltage inside the system cannot be discharged through a grounding wire. Fortunately, there are several other approaches for prevention.

4 Ways to Prevent Electrostatic Problems

1. Install special stat-free filters instead of conventional filter cartridges. These filters can discharge or even prevent the charge from occurring.
2. Use an oil with a different makeup and higher conductivity value.
3. Choose or modify the system’s material combinations so microspark formation is prevented despite an electrostatic charge.
4. Optimize flow diameter, tank hold times or tank volumes to minimize the charge potential.

ExxonMobil recently opened a new oil analysis laboratory at its Shanghai Technology Center in China. The new laboratory is the company’s first in the Asia Pacific region.

Signum, ExxonMobil’s oil analysis program, is designed specifically to help evaluate the condition of in-service lubricants. It offers a quick and non-invasive way to gauge the health of a machine and help achieve optimum performance.

“The new Signum Laboratory at the Shanghai Technology Center extends ExxonMobil’s technology footprint in China and the Asia Pacific region, and enables us to better support customers in the region,” said Darrin Talley, ExxonMobil’s vice president of marketing. “With the Mobil-branded lubricant business growing steadily in China and the Asia Pacific region, more and more customers are requesting superior oil analysis to improve productivity and reduce downtime.”

ExxonMobil has full control of the laboratory operations, quality assurance, data integrity, equipment reliability and safety standards. The lab provides access to the company’s centralized database of oil analysis results and is capable of handling several hundred analyses a day. The lab then generates a comprehensive analysis report for most client applications in 24 to 48 hours after sample reception.

“The decision to operate our own lab at the Shanghai Technology Center is a key strategy for us,” said W. Berlin Genetti, ExxonMobil’s global lab operations manager. “By integrating this wealth of information, we are now able to provide an even more comprehensive level of service to our customers in this fast-growing and important market.”

ExxonMobil will also be relocating its Lubes Technical Help Desk to the Shanghai Technology Center and is planning additional testing capabilities to enhance lube application expertise and to support collaborative programs with manufacturers and local universities.

In addition, ExxonMobil is expanding the lubricants blending plant in Tianjin to meet China’s growing demand for Mobil-branded lubricants. The Tianjin expansion is currently underway and is expected to be completed in late 2013.

For more information, visit www.exxonmobil.com.

"What is the best equipment for testing transformer oil?"

Several variables must be considered in order to answer this question, including your budget, the volume of samples to be tested and the need for real-time continuous monitoring.

Cost is generally the first consideration. Like most business decisions, a cost/benefit analysis should be conducted to determine whether testing is a valid expense. Sadly, in many cases, once the cost of testing or testing equipment is calculated, the answer typically is, “We can’t afford that now.” The idea often is then put on the back burner where it eventually withers and dies.

However, if you compare the cost of testing or testing equipment to the cost of a replacement transformer, labor to remove and reinstall, and most importantly the cost of downtime, how can you afford not to perform testing?

The next consideration should be whether the volume of samples is sufficient to justify the cost of onsite testing equipment and personnel. In most cases, the sample volume is not enough to warrant this expense. In these cases, a third-party lab must be selected that can perform the following tests for in-service transformer oils: interfacial tension (ASTM D971), acid number (ASTM D664), dielectric breakdown voltage (ASTM D877 or D1816), Karl Fischer water (ASTM D1533), oxidation inhibitor (ASTM D4768 or D2668) and dissolved gas analysis (ASTM D3612).

In addition, the following tests should be conducted upon receipt: liquid power factor (ASTM D924), specific resistance (ASTM D1169), corrosive sulfur (ASTM D1275), gassing tendency (ASTM D2300), oxidation stability (ASTM D2440) and particle count (ASTM D6786).

If the decision is made to perform testing in-house, many of the necessary tests may be outside the standard capabilities of the "lab-in-a-box" equipment currently on the market. This will require purchasing multiple pieces of equipment, which can be several thousands of dollars per piece. Unless the volume of samples is significant, there is no initial cost savings to purchasing onsite equipment. Nevertheless, the benefit of having instant test results allowing for the identification and correction of an impending equipment failure could well justify the cost as indicated above in the form of repair work and downtime.

In regard to real-time condition monitoring, as technology advances and test equipment becomes less expensive, it may be well worth the investment. Several companies now offer monitoring equipment for continuous dissolved gas analysis as well as instruments to measure electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, oil temperature, etc. Many of these have the option of transmitting data to a central location via Wi-Fi, adding the convenience of monitoring a transformer’s condition from the control station. This could potentially reduce or eliminate the need to periodically sample and test the oil, as you would allow the system to monitor the oil and test only when an exception condition was indicated.

Keep in mind that there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach. The best equipment will be whatever provides the most accurate results, is most affordable and, most importantly, will actually be used. When making these decisions, be sure to take into account the cost of the downtime to be incurred if you suffer a catastrophic failure. 

ALS Tribology recently released its free Webtrieve mobile application for Android devices, allowing users to receive immediate sample alerts in the palm of their hand. The app, which is also currently available for Apple iPhone and iPad, is part of ALS Tribology's strategy to improve overall reporting services, provide more manageable information and make results more accessible to end users in the field.

Instant alerts are sent to users based on sample condition. Basic information such as unit ID, equipment type and diagnostic commentary are displayed for rapid maintenance response and facilitating assessment to meet a user's operational needs. Notifications can be set for all results or just for abnormalities.

To find the Webtrieve mobile app, visit the Google or Apple App Store and search for ALS Tribology. Current Webtrieve users can use the same login and password to log into the mobile app. New users should contact their local customer-service representative to register.

A full-service testing laboratory, ALS Tribology offers comprehensive oil, fuel, coolant and metalworking fluid-testing services as well as more than 100 different specialized ASTM tests that cover all combinations of conditions, fluids and applications.

For more information, visit www.alsglobal.com.

Tan Delta recently launched a new OQSx oil condition sensor that includes all of the company's available communication protocols in one device. Individual 4- to 20-milliamp (mA) signals for oil condition and temperature have also been added, making installation simple and straightforward.

As with the OQS, the new OQSx works with any oil. In addition, the company has developed a new suite of computer software that allows the new sensor to be configured quickly and easily.

"The Tan Delta Systems OQSx is a must-have for anyone who is serious about oil health, condition-based monitoring and ultimately saving money," said Chris Greenwood, Tan Delta's managing director. "We strive to make it as easy as possible for our customers to reap the benefits of our unique and innovative technology. The flexibility of our products means that they can be retrofitted to almost any piece of equipment and integrated into virtually any data-logging or telematics system."

Tan Delta also recently launched its Mobile Oil Test Kit, which incorporates the patented oil sensor and promises greater accuracy.

Based in Sheffield, England, Tan Delta is a specialist liquid condition-monitoring system-development company that uses patented technology to design, develop and manufacture a variety of oil condition-sensing products.

For more information, visit www.tandeltasystems.com.

Spectro Inc. recently introduced a new portable fluid analysis system to give operators the capacity to perform comprehensive lubricant analysis in a wide variety of field environments. The Q5800 combines the ability to conduct abnormal wear metals analysis, particle counting, viscosity and lubricant condition as well as contamination tests in a compact, field-based system. The battery-powered device facilitates maintenance of equipment, enabling complete lubricant assessment for condition monitoring and fast results that permit informed maintenance decisions.

The system is comprised of three major measurement components: a filtration particle quantifier, which provides abnormal wear metal analysis along with particle counting; a kinematic viscometer; and an infrared spectrometer, which carries out tests for acid number, base number, water content, soot and oxidation.

The Q5800 requires no solvent usage, and all data is logged and tracked with an easy-to-use operating system. It comes with a custom backpack that allows the device and all accessories to be easily transported.

"We believe the Spectro Q5800 system is the most advanced, field-deployable lubricant analysis platform ever offered," said Spectro president and CEO Brian Mitchell. "Its development was conceived and initially funded under a Defense Acquisition Challenge Program (DACP) initiated more than three years ago and currently embodies seven patents either granted or pending. Combining these capabilities with its rugged and portable design enables users to rapidly perform field tests with accuracy equivalent to bench-top laboratory instrumentation."

For more information, visit www.spectroinc.com.

Spectro Inc. recently announced that it has purchased Wilks Enterprise Inc. for an undisclosed sum. Based in Norwalk, Conn., Wilks specializes in the development and manufacture of mid-infrared (mid-IR) application-specific analyzers used for biofuel, petrochemical, environmental, quality control, manufacturing and ambient air monitoring measurement. Spectro, which is headquartered in Chelmsford, Mass., is one of the world's largest suppliers of oil and fuel analysis instruments to industry and the military.

"We are excited to have Wilks Enterprise become part of Spectro Inc. as we continue to build a global leadership position in the industrial fluids analysis market," said Brian Mitchell, president and CEO of Spectro Inc. "Wilks has built an excellent position and reputation in its core markets with portable, rugged and easy-to-operate instruments. Combining this with Spectro's extended resources and channel reach gives us optimism in projecting significant future growth from the Wilks platform."

"Both Spectro and Wilks have excellent synergy between their product lines, industries served and the shared goal of providing rugged, easy-to-use analyzers," said Sandra Wilks Rintoul, president of Wilks Enterprise Inc. "We are excited by the prospect of additional resources that will help bring new products and applications to market."

For more information, visit www.spectroinc.com.